Both 감옥 (監獄) and 교도소 (矯導所) can be translated as prison, but 교도소 sounds better and is considered a euphemism for prison and, therefore, would be better translated as correctional institution, which is the English euphemism for prison. The Chinese characters that make up 교도소 (矯導所) literally translate as "correction (矯) and guidance (導) place (所)."
형무소 (刑務所) is a slightly outdated term for prison and literally translates as "punishment (刑) affairs (務) place (所),"which does not sound as pleasant as "correction and guidance place."
So, if you want to sound mean, use 감옥; if you want to sound compassionate, use 교도소.
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