Can the Korean verb 빌다 be used to mean "to borrow"?

ANSWER: No, at least not anymore.

I started learning Korean in 1976 and remember learning sometime back then that 빌다 was used to mean "to borrow," and 빌리다 was used to mean "to lend," but apparently that is no longer the case. Today, 빌리다 is used to mean both "to borrow" and "to lean," so now 돈을 빌리다 can mean either "to lean money" or "to borrow money." Therefore, to avoid confusion, it would probably be better to use 돈을 빌리다 to mean "to borrow money" and 돈을 빌려주다 to mean "to lend money." In fact, the tiny little Underwood/Tuttle English-Korean dictionary I bought back in 1976 says that "to borrow" is 빌리다 and "to lend" is 빌려주다.

1975 Underwood/Tuttle English-Korean Dictionary

1975 Underwood/Tuttle English-Korean Dictionary

But apparently, not everyone got the memo because my 1998 "Donga Prime Korean-English Dictionary lists 빌다 as meaning "to borrow" and 빌리다 as meaning "to lend," without mentioning anything about 빌리다 meaning "to borrow."

1998 Donga's Prime Korean-English Dictionary

1998 Donga's Prime Korean-English Dictionary

But in my 2014 "Minjung's Essence Korean-English Dictionary," they finally got it right by getting rid of the 빌다 that means "to borrow" and including the meaning "to borrow" under the word 빌리다. I hope they stop changing things on me.

2014 Minjung's Essence Korean-English Dictionary

2014 Minjung's Essence Korean-English Dictionary

Have things changes in Korea since I first went there in 1977?

ANSWER: Yes. One thing that has changed is that back in 1977, foreigners could impress Koreans by speaking just a few simply Korean phrases. Though I left Korea more than 15 years ago, I suspect that it would take much more than just a few simple phrases to impress Koreans today with one's Korean language skills, especially since Koreans today speak English way better than they did in 1977.

What is a 흰자위?

ANSWER: It depends. If you are talking about an egg, it is the white inner part of the egg, but if you are talking about an eye, it is the white part of the eye. The 흰 part of the word means "white," but I am not exactly sure what the 자위 part of the word means except that it seems to mean either "color" or "part" when referring to eggs or eyes. In North Korea, 자위 is also used to refer to the color of fruit when it starts to ripen, so maybe at one time in the past 자위 meant "color" since it requires a color adjective in front of it for it to have any real meaning today.

In Korea, the white part of an egg is called 흰자위, and the yellow part, or yolk, is called 노른자위. Both 노랗다 and 노르다 mean "yellow," but when talking about the yolk of an egg, you should say 노른자위, not 노란자위. 

When you are talking about the white part of an eye (눈), you should probably say 눈의 흰자위 so that people won't think you are talking about the white part of an egg. Likewise, you could say 달걀의 흰자위 to clarify that you are talking about an egg (달걀), not an eye (눈).

Finally, what does 검은자위 mean? The word 검다 means either "black" or "dark," but when Koreans say 검은자위, they are referring to the colored "iris" of the eye, not to the black "pupil" of the eye. So, the better literal translation of 검은자위 would be "the dark part of the eye" rather than "the black part of the eye," especially since Korean eyes tend to be dark brown, making it harder to distinguish the colored "iris" of the eye from the black "pupil." For the black pupil of the eye, Koreans use the word 눈동자. By the way, 가맣다 or 까맣다 also means either "black" or "dark," but when talking about the colored iris of the eye, you should say 검은자위, not 까만자위.

By the way, instead of 흰자위, 노른자위, and 검은자위, some Koreans say 흰자, 노른자, and 검은자. 

What's the difference between 정형수술 and 성형수술?

ANSWER: One means "surgery (수술 手術) to repair the shape [of something]," and the other means "surgery (수술 手術) to make or form the shape [of something]." The word 정형 (整形) can literally translate as "to repair (整) a shape (形)," and 성형 (成形) can literally translate as "to make or form (成) a shape (形)."

If you break your nose, the surgery you need to repair it is 정형수술, but if you want to change the shape of your nose, the surgery you need to reshape it is 성형수술, though the guy in the video below is recommending that you get a broken nose repaired with 성형수술. The definitions can be a little confusing, but you just need to remember that the Korean phrase for "cosmetic surgery" is 미용성형외과 (美容成形外科), NOT 미용정형외과, despite the example in the definition for 정형 below, which is probably one reason many people get the two confused. The word 외과 also means "surgery." 

By the way, does picking your nose make your nostrils bigger?

ANSWER: No. You would have to pick your nose long and hard for that to happen.

 

What is the difference between 도련님 and 서방님?

ANSWER: Both words are used by married women in Korea to refer to or to address the younger brothers of their husbands. The difference between the two is that if the younger brother of the husband is unmarried, the wife of the older brother addresses the younger brother as 도련님, but if he is married, then she addresses him as 서방님. In the past, Korean women also addressed their husbands as 서방님 and may still do so in a joking way.

Titles and forms of address are very important in Korea, but it seems that Koreans are starting to get a little uncomfortable with some of them, especially Korean women, who wonder why Korean men are shown more respect when they are addressed than Korean women.

In Korea, 처 (妻) means "wife," and 부 (夫) means "husband," so Korean women are starting to wonder why they have to address their husbands' younger brothers as 도련님 and 서방님 while the husbands get to address the younger brothers of their wives as simply 처남 (妻男), which can refer to either a married younger brother or an unmarried younger brother. And the honorific 님 does not have to be attached to 처남.

So, more and more Korean women are asking, "Why can't I just address my husband's younger brother as 부남 (夫男), whether he is married or not, since my husband gets to address my younger brother as 처남 (妻男)?" Personally, I think that is a good question.

When talking to others, when do you refer to your father as 아버님?

ANSWER: After he dies. Until then, you should refer to him as 아버지, and use 아버님 to refer to other people's fathers. You should, of course, use 어머니 and 어머님 in the same way.

"우리 아버님 살아계셨을 때, . . ."
"When my father was alive, . . ." 

What does 한글 literally mean?

ANSWER: "Great (한) Alphabet (글)." It is composed of the 6th meaning of 한 and the 2nd meaning of 글.

By the way, the 한 in 한글 is pronounced with a long vowel sound, so /한:글/ or /하안글/.

What does 잠자리 mean?

ANSWER: It depends. If it is pronounced /잠자리/, then it means "dragonfly," but if it is pronounced /잠짜리/, then it means "bed."

What is the Korean word for "reindeer"?

ANSWER: 순록 (馴鹿), which literally means "tamed (馴) deer (鹿)" and is pronounced /술록/, according to Korean pronunciation rules.

By the way, the Sino-Korean word for "to tame" or "to domesticate" is 순육(馴育)하다. Notice that it also uses the Chinese character 馴 (순), which again means "tame."

What's the difference between 할일없다 and 할일 없다?

 ANSWER: One means "unavoidable" or "inevitable," and the other means "have nothing to do."

할일없다, without a space, is an adjective that means "unavoidable," and 할일 없다, with a space, is a noun + adjective that means "have nothing to do." The 할일 is the noun, and the 없다 is the adjective. Since 할일 is a noun, you can use a subject marker and say 할일이 없다 instead of just 할일 없다.

However, the 할일없다, without a space, usually appears in the dictionary 하릴없다, which represents how it is pronounced. When it is pronounced, the ㄹ in 할 moves over to 일, resulting in /하릴/. Some may ask, "But wouldn't the 할일 없다, with a space, be pronounced the same as the 할일없다, without a space? The answer is, "No." 

If you want to say, "It is unavoidable," you say, /하릴없따/, but if you want to say, "I have nothing to do," you say, /할릴없따/. In other words, the difference in pronunciation is /하릴/ versus /할릴/. The reason the second one is pronounced as /할릴/ instead of /하릴/ is because a ㄴ was added to it to get 할닐, which then changes to /할릴/ because a ㄴ sound preceded by a ㄹ sound changes to a ㄹ sound.

So, if you want to say, 오늘 별로 할일 없어요 (Today, there is not much to do), be sure to pronounce the 할일 as /할릴/.

What does 춘 mean?

 ANSWER: "Spring," of course.

Every word in my Korean-English dictionary that starts with the syllable 춘, except for two (춘부장 椿府丈 / 춘사 椿事), are Sino-Korean words that start with the Chinese character that means "spring" (春). And as far as I know, there are no pure Korean words that start with 춘.  Also, there are only two other 춘 characters (椿, 杶) in my Chinese character dictionary, and they both refer to the same tree, a Toona sinensis, commonly called Chinese mahogany or Chinese cedar. So, if you see a Korean word that starts with the syllable 춘, it is almost certain to be using the 춘 (春) that means "spring."

Here are the words that start with 춘 in my Korean-English dictionary:

• 춘경 (春耕) spring plowing
• 춘경 (春景) spring scenes (scenery)
• 춘계 (春季) spring
• 춘곤 (春困) fatigue in the spring tide; languor which affects people in the spring: "spring fever"
• 춘광 (春光) spring scenes
• 춘궁 (春宮) the crown prince; the Prince Imperial
• 춘궁기 (春窮期) the farm hardship period; the season of spring poverty (shortage)
• 춘기 (春期) spring; the spring season; springtime
• 춘기 (春機) sexual desire
• 춘기발동기 (春機發動期) the age of puberty; adolescence; the period of sexual awakening
• 춘난 (春暖) spring warmth; genial (balmy) weather of spring
• 춘뢰 (春雷) spring thunder
• 춘맥 (春麥) early (spring-sown) barley
• 춘면 (春眠) drowsiness (fatigue) in the spring; sleep on a spring morning
• 춘몽 (春夢) spring dreams; a spring fantasy; an empty dream
• 춘복 (春服) clothes for spring wear; spring wear
• 춘부장 (春府丈 / 椿府丈) your (honored) father
• 춘분 (春分) the vernal (spring) equinox
• 춘사 (春思) spring sentiments (musings); feelings of spring; spring fever, thoughts of sex
• 춘사 (椿事) an accident; a mishap; a disaster
• 춘산 (春山) mountains in springtime
• 춘삼월 (春三月) March of the lunar month
• 춘색 (春色) spring scenery; the vernal beauty of nature; a sign of spring
• 춘설 (春雪) spring snow
• 춘소 (春宵) a spring evening (night)
• 춘수 (春水) spring water
• 춘수 (春愁) spring sadness; melancholy aroused in springtime
• 춘신 (春信) tidings of spring; signs of spring
• 춘심 (春心) spring sentiments; lustful desires
• 춘야 (春夜) spring night
• 춘약 (春藥) an aphrodisiac (dose); a sexual stimulant
• 춘양 (春陽) spring sunshine; the spring sun; the spring season
• 춘우 (春雨) spring rain
• 춘일 (春日) spring day
• 춘잠 (春蠶) spring silkworms
• 춘절 (春節) the spring season; springtime
• 춘정 (春情) sexual (carnal) desire; sexual urge; lust; passion
• 춘초 (春初) early spring; the beginning of spring
• 춘추 (春秋) spring and autumn; age; years
• 춘추필법 (春秋筆法) the guiding principle of Confucius in writing the Annals
• 춘파 (春播) sow in spring
• 춘풍 (春風) the spring breeze (wind)
• 춘하추동 (春夏秋冬) the four seasons; all the year around; always
• 춘한 (春寒) the lingering cold in spring
• 춘화 (春花) spring flowers
• 춘화 (春畵) an obscene picture; a pornography
• 춘화도 (春畵圖) an obscene picture; a pornography
• 춘화현상 (春化現象) vernalization
• 춘흥 (春興) the charms (pleasures) of spring; the spring fever; the lure of spring

Do Koreans pronounce 색연필 as /새견필/ or /생년필/?

ANSWER: They pronounce 색연필 as /생년필/. Why? Because they think it is easier to add an ㄴ sound to the word and say /생년필/ than attaching the ㄱ in 색 to the 연 and saying /새견필/. And /생년필/ does seem to roll off the tongue a little easier than /새견필/. By the way, 색연필 means "a colored pencil."

So, when do Koreans add a ㄴ sound to the pronunciation of their words?

First, the word has to be a Sino-Korean word, a derived word (파생어), or a compound word (합성어). A derived word is a base word with something added to it to make a new word, so, for example "salt" is the base word of "salty," which is a derived word. Or it must be a compound word, which is a word made up of two or more words, such as "sunflower."

Second, the syllable of the word just before the syllable where the ㄴ sound is added must end in a consonant, and the syllable to which the ㄴ sound is added must start with one of the following vowel sounds: 이, 야, 여, 요, or 유. That means that a ㄴ sound is not added to a syllable that starts with 아, 어, 오, 우, 으, or any of the other vowel sounds. And then after the ㄴ sound is added, you must then follow the other rules of Korean pronunciation to get the final sound of the word. So, for example, after you add a ㄴ sound to 색연필 to get 색년필, you then have to follow the rule that says that when a ㄱ is followed by a ㄴ, the ㄱ sound changes to a ㅇ sound, resulting in 색년필 being pronounced as /생년필/. So, the process for 색연필 is 색연필 to /색년필/ to /생년필/.

But sometimes Koreans permit two pronunciations for a word. For example, the Sino-Korean word 금융 (金融), which means "finance," can be pronounced as either /그뮹/ or /금늉/.

So, some of you may now be thinking. "Wow! Korean pronunciation is harder than I first thought." Why do I say that? Because that is what I am thinking.

In the linked song below, are they pronouncing 산토끼 correctly?

ANSWER: 산토끼 literally means "a mountain (산 山) rabbit (토끼)," which refers to a wild rabbit, so the 산 in 산토끼 should be pronounced with a short vowel sound since the 산 for "mountain" is pronounced with a short vowel sound. If you pronounce it with a long vowel sound /사안토끼/, then is means "a live rabbit" (산 토끼) since 살다, the word for "live" or "alive," is pronounced with a long vowel sound.

By the way, the word 산새 literally means "mountain (산) birds (새)," so the 산 in 산새 should also be pronounced with a short vowel sound. In addition, the 새 in 산새 should be pronounced as /쌔/. If you say /사안새/, it means "a live bird" (산 새), and if you just say /산새/, it means "a bought bird" (산 새). So, /산쌔/ means "a mountain bird"; /사안새/ means "a live bird"; and /산새/ means "a bought bird."
Finally, what does 새머리 mean?

ANSWER: My dictionary says it means "spareribs" and is pronounced as /새애머리/. When the 새 for "bird" is the first syllable in a word, it is pronounced with a long vowel sound. This makes me wonder how Koreans say, "bird head." Because even if they say, "새의 머리," it would probably still sound a lot like the Korean word for "spareribs" since most people are probably too lazy to pronounce 의 as /으이/ and just pronounce it as /에/.

What does 눈싸움 mean?

 ANSWER: It depends. If the 눈 is pronounced with a long vowel sound /누운/, then it means "a snow-ball fight," but if it is pronounced with a short vowel sound /눈/, then if means "a staring match."

I'm thinking about writing a book in Korean entitled "눈사람의 침입," which translates as "Invasion of the Eye People." The book will start something like this:

"그 들이 왔을 때, 눈이 내리는 중이었다. 그 후 얼마 지나지 않아 눈싸움이 시작했다. 그들은 '눈보라, 눈보라'하면서 돌아다니었다. 하지만 그들의 눈을 본 사람들이 눈 깜박한 순간에 그 자리에서 죽었다."

"When they came, it was snowing. And it was not long after that when the eye fights started. They would wander around saying, 'Look at my eyes. Look at my eyes.' But people who looked at their eyes would die on the spot as soon as they blinked."

By the way, the 눈 meaning "snow" is only pronounced with the long vowel sound /누운/ when it is the first syllable in the word. When it is not the first syllable in the word, then it is pronounced with the short vowel sound /눈/, like the 눈 for "eye." So, the 첫눈 meaning "the first sight" and the 첫눈 meaning "the first snow of the season" are both pronounced the same way, though my 1992 edition "동아" Korean dictionary says differently.

What does the phrase "우이를 잡다" literally mean?

ANSWER: To grab a cow's ear.

The word 잡다 means "to grab," and the word 우이 (牛耳) is a Sino-Korean word (한자어) that literally means "a cow's (牛) ear (耳)." But besides meaning "cow's ear," 우이 can also mean "the leader" or "the head," which seems a little strange to me. Why would "a cow's ear" mean "a leader" or "the head"?

 
Though the phrase 우이를 잡다 literally means "to grab a cow's ear," it translates as "to take the leadership of," "to lead," or "to head." That suggests that grabbing and pulling on a cow's ear is one way to lead the cow around, and that means that the person who is grabbing and pulling on the cow's ear is "the leader." So, maybe that is how the word "cow's ear" (牛耳 우이) came to mean "the leader." In other words, maybe 우이 (牛耳) is just an abbreviation of 우이 (牛耳)를 잡는 사람, which translates as "a person who grabs a cow's ear."

By the way, is it just a coincidence that another Korean word for "a leader" or "a boss" is 우두머리? The pure-Korean word for "head" is 머리, but what does the 우두 in 우두머리 mean? Could it mean "cow's (牛 우) head (頭 두)," and then 머리 is just added for clarity? I don't know, but cows are led around by their heads, and maybe their ears, so being a leader in Korea may be someone who knows how to lead both cows and people.

Finally, the word 우이 (牛耳) is also used in the Chinese idiom 우이독경 (牛耳讀經), which literally means "[in] a cow's ear (牛耳), read aloud (讀) scripture (經)," which would be a waste of time since the cow would not understand what is being read to it. So, it would be like "talking to a brick wall" or "preaching to the wind."

 

Is this guy a good teacher?

ANSWER: Yes

 

How will the Korean language change in the future?

ANSWER: I'm not exactly sure how the Korean language will change, but I suspect that Koreans will continue to change their language in ways that help them to better imitate English expressions, thinking that it will make them sound more sophisticated.

For example, the verb 갖다, which is an abbreviation of 가지다, means "to have" or "to hold," in the sense of to possess something, but Koreans also use it to mean "개최하다," which means "to hold or to have (a meeting)" or "to open (an exhibition)." That seems kind of suspicious to me and makes me wonder if Koreans started using 갖다 to mean "to have or to hold (a meeting)" only after they started becoming interested in learning the English language. Anyway, these days it seems that 갖다 is quickly replacing 개최하다 when talking about "to have a meeting" or "to open an exhibition, fair, or competition." Will Koreans soon start thinking of 개최하다 as one of those words that only pretentious people use? 

 

Which sentence is more Korean: (A) 비가 오는 날씨가 되겠습니다 or (B) 비가 내리겠습니다?

 ANSWER: (B)

(A) translates as "It will become rainy weather," and (B) translates as "It will rain."

As the Ghostbusters might say, "There is something strange happening in the [Korean weather-forecasting] neighborhood." Instead of using simple, easy-to-understand Korean-style sentences, Korean weather forecasters seem to be directly translating expressions used by English-speaking weather forecasters. They may be doing it in an attempt to sound more professional, but it results in more awkward-sounding Korean sentences, especially when they try to squeeze 날씨 상태 (weather conditions) into every sentence.

In his book 우리가 정말 알아야 할 우리말 바로 쓰기, former high school Korean-language teacher 이수열 lists awkward-sounding sentences that Korean weather forecasters are using these days. Many of the Korean sentences seem to be direct translations of sentences used by English-speaking forecasters. The result is that the sentences may translate well into English but sound awkward in Korean.

The (A) sentences below seem to be direct translations of English sentences, which makes them sound more awkward and less Korean-like than the (B) sentences. The English translations are mine.

(A) 오늘은 구름이 많이 낀 상태를 보이고 있습니다.
Today is showing very cloudy conditions.
(B) 오늘은 그름이 많이 끼었습니다.
Today is very cloudy.

(A) 오늘도 맑은 날씨가 이어지고 있는 상태입니다.
Again today, clear-weather conditions are continuing.
(B) 오늘도 날씨가 맑습니다.
Again today, the weather is clear.

(A) 중부지방은 비가 내리고 있는 상태입니다.
The central region is rainy conditions.
(B) 중부지방에(는) 비가 내립니다.
In the central region, it is raining.

(A) 남쪽 바다에서 태풍이 비바람을 몰고 오고 있는 상태입니다.
In the southern sea, the condition is that a typhoon is bringing wind and rain.
(B) 남쪽 바다에서 태풍이 비바람을 몰아옵니다.
In the southern sea, a typhon is bringing wind and rain.

(A) 오늘 아침도 쌀쌀한 기온의 날씨를 보이고 있습니다.
This morning, again, is showing weather with chilly temperatures. 
(B) 오늘 아침도 쌀쌀합니다.
This morning, again, is chilly.

(A) 비구름이 아직도 머물러 있는 모습이 보이고 있습니다.
It is showing an image of rain clouds still remaining.
(B) 비구름이 아직도 머물러 있습니다.
Rain clouds still remain.

(A) 남부지방은 흐린 날씨를 보인 가운데 20mm 안팍의 비가 내리겠습니다.
The southern region shows cloudy weather while about 20mm of rain will fall.
(B) 남부지방에는 20mm 안팍의 비가 내리겠습니다.
In the southern region, about 20mm of rain will fall.

(The problem with sentence (A) just above is that there is no rain without clouds, so it was unnecessary to mention "cloudy weather." It would have been all right to mention the clouds if they had said "cloudy with a possibility of" about 20mm of rain.)

PLEASE DON'T TURN KOREAN INTO TRANSLATED ENGLISH.

Is the Korean word for "a part in one's hair" 가리마 or 가르마?

ANSWER: 가르마 is currently considered the correct word, even though my vintage 1996 Dong-A Korean-English dictionary lists 가리마 instead. 

In my newer 2014 Essense dictionary, however, 가르마 is listed instead of 가리마.

So, sometime between 1996 and 2014, the Korean word for "a part in one's hair" seems to have changed from being 가리마 to being 가르마. And maybe in a few more years, the word will change from 가르마 to 파트 (part), as English becomes more and more a part of the Korean language.

Maybe, they changed the word from 가리마 to 가르마 after they realized that the word 기리마 was already being used to refer to a formal headdress worn by women in old Korea.

What does 나는 좆됐다 mean?

 ANSWER: Well, it is translated below as "I'm screwed," which is said when one realizes that one in a very bad or hopeless situation.

The Korean below is a translation of the first page of the English novel The Martian, which is about an astronaut who is left for dead on Mars. After realizing his situation, the astronaut describes it in a log entry by saying, "I'm screwed," except that in the English novel, he used the "F" word instead. 

The Korean phrase 나는 좆됐다 literally means "I've become a penis," which is the same as saying, "I've become a dick," and in America that means, "I've become an obnoxious jerk," not "I'm screwed."

The Korean slang 좆 됐다 can mean either "to be embarrassed" (망신을 당했다) or "the result is messed up" (결과가 엉망이 되었다), so I think 나는 좆됐다 is supposed to mean, "I screwed up," which means, "I messed up." That meaning is different from "I'm screwed," so I think the Korean translator may have "screwed up" that translation.

UPDATE: On second thought, maybe the translator got the translation right. Afterall, the Korean is 나는 좆됐다, not 내가 좆됐다, so 나는 could possibly mean 내가 있는 상황은, which can translate as "the situation I am in." That means that 나는 좆됐다 could translate as "My situation is screwed up," or more simply, "I'm screwed."

By the way, in the second sentence, shouldn't it be 그것은 instead of 그것이 since the 그것 is referring to the first sentence, which means the first sentence is the topic of the second sentence, and 은/는, not 이/가, are topic markers.

Here is the original English from the book, except that I am using the word "screwed" instead of the "F" word:

I'm pretty much screwed. (아무래도 좆됐다.)
   That's my considered opinion. (그 것이 내가 심사숙고 끝에 내린 결론이다.)
   Screwed. (나는 좆됐다.)

So, that is the beginning of the novel The Martian.