Saturday, September 03, 2016

What does 天下之得其所也 mean?

In "Du's Handbook of Classical Chinese Grammar," the following Chinese sentence and English translation appear, minus the Korean pronunciation:
()()()()()()()()()()()()()()
The reason why Yáo and Shùn handed on [the throne] to worthy men was that they wanted the world to find its right place.
The above sentence was an example of how 也 (야) was used as a topic marker in a declarative sentence that offered a reason or explanation. In the above sentence, for example, 也 was translated as "the reason why." I mention this not because I disagree with the explanation or the translation of 也, but because I would like to offer a different translation for a different part of the sentence, the part that involves the translation of 所:
()()()()()()()()()()()()()()
[As for] the Yáo and Shùn [dynasties’] (堯舜之) handing down () wisdom (賢也), [they] wanted () the world (天下) to gain () that which they had [gained] (其所也).
First, I translated the first 也 (야) as "as for" because I am stubborn and because "the reason" was only implied, but not indicated with a character. Second, I do not know the context of the sentence, but I translated 賢 (현) with its meaning of "wisdom." Finally, even though 所 (소) can mean "place," it was used here as the relative pronoun "that" as part of an relative object clause.

The word "所得 (소득)" means "income" or "earnings," but it literally means "that which (所) is gained (得)." In the above sentence, "得 (to gain)" was already used as the verb, so the writer apparently felt there was no need to repeat it in the object clause. If he had, it would have looked like this: "[They] wanted (欲) the world (天下) to gain (得) their (其) gains (所得也)."

Besides 所得 (소득),  here are a few more:
  • 所感 (소감) means "opinion" or "thoughts," but literally "that which (所) is felt (感)"
  • 所見 (소견) means "opinion" or "views," but literally "that which (所) is viewed (見)"
  • 所關 (소관) means "relation" or "relationship," but literally "that which (所) is related (關)"
  • 所期 (소기) means "expectation," but literally "that which (所) is expected (期)"
  • 所望 (소망) means "wish," or "hope," but literally "that which (所) is hoped for (望)"
  • 所聞 (소문) means "rumor," but literally "that which (所) is heard (聞)"
  • 所産 (소산) means "a product" or "outcome," but literally "that which (所) is produced (産)"
  • 所生 (소생) means "offspring," but literally "those who (所) are given birth (生)."
  • 所信 (소신) means "belief" or "conviction," but literally "that which (所) is believed (信)"
  • 所謂 (소위) means "the so-called," but literally "that which (所) is called (謂)
  • 所有 (소유) means "possession," but literally "that which (所) is possessed (有)"
  • 所願 (소원) means "desire" or "wish," but literally "that which (所) is wished for (願)"
  • 所任 (소임) means "duty" or "task," but literally "that which (所) one is tasked (任)"
  • 所藏 (소장) means "possession," but literally "that which (所) one possesses (藏)"
  • 所載 (소재) means "printed" or "published," but literally "that which (所) is published (載)"
  • 所定 (소정) means "fixed" or "designated," but literally "that which (所) is decided (定)"
  • 所重 (소중) means "importance," but literally "that which (所) is important (重)"
  • 所持 (소지) means "possession," but literally "that which (所) is possessed (持)"
  • 所請 (소청) means "request," but literally "that which  (所) is requested (請)"
  • 所出 (소출) means "crops" or "yield," but literally "that which (所) comes out (出)"
  • 所行 (소행) means "act" or "deed," but literally "that which (所) is carried out (行)"
As mentioned earlier, 所 (소) can also mean "place," so there is also similar vocabulary with that meaning, such as 所管, which means "jurisdiction," but literally means "the place (所) [one] is in charge of (管). Also, the word can also end in 所, such as 住所 (주소), which means "address" or "residence," but literally means "residing (住) place (所)."

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